International finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International finance - Case Study Example hy debt to equity ratio for a business should be such that the equity is high than the debt, since it is only then, that a business can demonstrate its ability to pay its debts using its own resources, without borrowing externally (Tyran, 1986:38). However, the debt to equity ratio of NDP points to the fact that the company’s financial status is not healthy, since the company had a debt to equity ratio of 100% (Moffet & Adelson, 2011:44). This means that the company’s debt is equal to the company’s owned resources and as such, should the financial crisis extend for long, the company cannot remain with any resources to continue its operations, since it would use all of its resources to pay up debts. The other pointer to the unhealthy financial status of the NDP is the high interest expense which the company is incurring. The increase in the debt levels of the company has a corresponding increase on the cost of capital, in form of the interest charges (Moffet & Adelson, 2011:44). Thus, considering that the interest expenses for NDP are consistently increasing, with the company having an interest expense of HK$102 by December 2008, but the same increasing to HK$480 in millions by march 2009 (Moffet & Adelson, 2011:43). This simply means that the company is obtaining its capital at very high costs, which are then unhealthy for the operation of the company. The other issue that indicates that the financial status f NDP is not healthy is its earnings ratio. The earnings ratio measures the rate at which the business is able to generate revenues, after it has paid costs of generating the revenues, such as interests, taxes and depreciation of the assets applied towards generating the revenues (McClure, 2011:n.p). For example the earnings of the NDP by September 2008, was HK$ 3,988 million, but the same had reduced to HK$ 2,049 million by March 2009, indicating that the revenues for the company were consistently reducing (Moffet & Adelson, 2011:43). This is a pointer

The resistance of a wire varies with its length Essay Example for Free

The resistance of a wire varies with its length Essay To investigate how the resistance of a wire varies with its length Equipment Needed: o power pack o 5 wires o Voltmeter o Length of wire o Ruler o Ammeter o Crocodile clip Circuit Diagram: Prediction: The equation V=IxR is how you find the resistance rate. Im now going to re-arrange it to R= V for this to work the temperature has to stay I Constant or it will not work. So I predict that if I increased the length of the wire the resistance will be increased. So I think that if you double the length of the wire the resistance will be doubled. Method: o Collect the equipment and set up the circuit by measuring the wire o Turn on the power pack. o Slowly increase the power o Connect the crocodile clip onto the copper wire to make the circuit complete. o Using a ammeter to measure the amount of current in the circuit o Using a voltmeter to measure the amount of voltage across the circuit o Record results Repeat this with all the different lengths on the wire. Also on the experiment make sure that you read the meter from directly in front by using parallax. Another thing makes sure that the needle is not moving around this then makes the measurement correct. Fair Test: To make this a fair test Im going to keep everything the same in each test apart from the length of wire. The wire will be the same thickness and material every time. Safety: Its important that the wire does not get to hot that it burns. To prevent this from happening I wont let the current go any higher than 2amps. Preliminary work: Current (A) Measurement (CM) Voltage (V) 2. 0A 10CM 0. 4 1. 5A 10CM 0. 3 1A 10CM 0. 2 0. 5A 10CM 0. 1 Current (A) Measurement(CM) Voltage(V) 2. 0A 90CM Off scale 1. 5A 90CM 3. 4 1. 0A 90CM 2. 5 0. 5A 90CM 1. 0 We decided not to use a current of 2 Amps because it melts the wire. The other thing was we decided not use 90CM because one of the readings was off the scale. Practical Results: Length (CM). Current (A) Voltage (V) Corrected Resistance ( ) CorrectedLength (CM) Current (A) Voltage (V) Corrected Resistance ( ) Corrected Length (CM) Current (A) Voltage (V) Corrected Resistance ( ) Corrected   Our meter read 0. 1V even when no circuit was connected so I had to take this reading off all the results which is why there is a corrected column. Length (CM) Average resistance (ohms) Conclusion: I have noticed that as the length of the wire increases the resistance also increases. This happens because: This all happens because the resistance has doubled like I said in my prediction. I checked this by looking on my graph E. g. 20CM= 0. 44 40CM=0. 88 80CM=1. 76 See each time it has doubled. Evaluation: We found out that there was an error in our voltmeter which meant our first point was on 0. 1. This made our results incorrect which meant we had to re calculate the numbers. We read all our results to one decimal point instead of two. I have an Anomalous point at 20cm. I can see from my results there was a error at 15amps. If I ignore this result and take an average of 0. 5+1. 0amps I get a point that lies on my line. I have shown this on my graph in red. This error accrued by reading the metre wrong. Holly Atkins Page: Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial Sector

Capital Structures of the Indian Industrial Sector Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Capital is the main factor of every industry, a company start with capital and end with demolition of that capital. So the capital and capital structure are one of the most important terms in every business, Companies have been struggling with capital structures for more than four decades. During credit expansions, companies have been unable to build enough liquidity to survive the contractions, especially those enterprises with unpredictable cash flow streams which end up with excess debt during business slowdowns In this research I am going to Exam the changes in the capital structure of Indian industrial sector, with a special reference to Indian textiles industry .The purpose of this paper is to determine whether firm-specific capital structure determinants in the emerging market of India. support the capital structure theories which were developed to explain the company structures in developed economies. In other words, the main motivation for this study is to highlight the role of firm characteristics and industrial sector-specific variables in determining capital structure. This is an attempt to a panel data study of capital structure determinants. Statement of the Problem There is lot of study conducted in the field of capital structure theory but no systematic study with applying econometric model and tools used like panel data are not conducted in India yet. It consist analyzing both time and cross sectional variables. There is No studies are conducted on specified sector. The study by sector wise is more effective than in macro level research which is avoid sector variable. Each industry has its own uniqueness and situations. When taking macro level data set will miss its sector uniqueness. This research is an enquiry through panel data analysis with considering sector as important factors. Specifically researcher tries to answer some questions, firstly which selected factors are more influence in short term leverage of a firm, and which is not influence on it . Secondly long term leverage has any determinate in Indian industry and which factors is more influenced in total debt decision. Also questioned extraneous variable like bank rate, inflation rate can make any impact on capital structure. The researcher conduct a pre study for specifying research problem. Pre study The pre study was conducted by analyzing all companies in india by classify these companies in sector wise. Assigning debt equity ratio as variable for prestudy, by Using cmie and Bloomberg database, researcher collect all companies 5year debt equity ratio and classified them in sector wise. Companies arranged under in a Automobiles ancillaries, Banking, chemical , communication, construction real estate, construction material, consumer goods sector, energy, food Agro, hotel tourism, IT, investment finance, Machinery, metal, mining ,textiles, transport and wholesale re tale sectors. Take 5 year average of all company and find out standard deviation of each sector. The value arranged below table. Table 1.1 .Result of Pre study Sectors Average Debt on equity Standard deviation Automobiles ancillaries index 1.06 3.561244 Banking services index 1.53 0.695391 Chemicals chemical products index 1.53 3.562817 Communication services index 1.54 21.75133 Construction real estate index 1.92 26.57946 Construction materials index 0.77 23.65846 Consumer goods index 1.72 8.326452 Energy index 1.36 2.520609 Food agro-based products index 1.45 7.826624 Hotels tourism index 1.33 18.53691 Information technology index 0.35 1.677905 Investment services index 0.24 1.035782 Machinery index 1.26 7.248118 Metals metal products index 1.3 16.62944 Pharma 1.63 86.75429 Mining index 0.34 6.509317 Textiles index 2.05 167.5378 Transport services index 1.68 2.88037 Wholesale retail trading index 1.68 34.62297 In this table textiles sector have very high debt equity and not ordinary deviation between companies. High standard deviation mean that in textile sector, some companies has very low debt and some has very high. It is india’s one of the oldest and major export sector too. Highest deviation and irregularity in debt is not a better sign. So need an attention on capital strucre determinant of Indian textile sector. Objectives of the study The goal of these studies is analyze various factors determining capital structure in Indian industries. Objective of the study is listed below; it is analyses three econometric model, short term, long term and total leverage of Indian textile sector. 1.2.1. Objective settled on the basis of second model short term debt leverage 1a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on short term debt 1b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on short term debt 1c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility on short term debt 1d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on short term debt 1e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on short term debt 1f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on short term debt 1g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of on short term debt 1h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of cost of debt on short term debt 1i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on short term debt 1j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on short term debt 1.2.2. Objective settled on the basis of second model long term debt leverage 2a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on long term debt 2b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on long term debt 2c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility on long term debt 2d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on long term debt 2e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on long t term debt 2f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on long t term debt 2g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of inflation on long t term debt 2h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of cost of debt on long term debt 2i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on long term debt 2j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on long term debt 1.2.3. Objective settled on the basis of Third model total debt leverage 3a. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of profitability on total debt 3b. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of liquidity on total debt 3c. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Tangibility on total debt 3d. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Growth on total debt 3e. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Bank rate on total debt 3f. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of tax rate on total debt 3g. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of on total debt 3h. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of cost of debt on total debt 3i. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Age of firm on total debt 3j. To study and analyses the determinant of a capital structure of Indian textiles sector investigating the impact of Size of firm on total debt Hypotheses The hypotheses of this research are set on the basis of above said objectives. Indian textiles companies on short term debt H01a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ profitability on short term debt H01b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ liquidity on short term debt H01c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ Tangibility on short term debt H01d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ growth on short term debt H01e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ bank rate on short term debt H01f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ tax rate on short term debt H01g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ inflation on short term debt H01h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ cost of debt on short term debt H01i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ age of firm on short term debt H01j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ size on short term debt Indian textiles companies on long term debt H02a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ profitability on long term debt H02b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ liquidity on long term debt H02c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ Tangibility on long term debt H02d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ growth on long term debt H02e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ bank rate on long term debt H02f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ tax rate on long term debt H02g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ inflation on long term debt H02h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ cost of debt on long term debt H02i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ age of firm on long term debt Indian textiles companies on total debt H03j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ size on Total debt H03a = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ profitability on Total debt H03b = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ liquidity on Total debt H03c = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ Tangibility on Total debt H03d = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ growth on Total debt H03e = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ bank rate on Total debt H03f = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ tax rate on Total debt H03g = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ inflation on Total debt H03h = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ cost of debt on Total debt H03i = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ age of firm on Total debt H03j = There is no significant impact of Indian textile companies’ size on Total debt Significance and Scope of the study Capital and capital structure are one of the most important terms in every business; Companies have been struggling with capital structures for more than four decades. During credit expansions, companies have been unable to build enough liquidity to survive the contractions, especially those enterprises with unpredictable cash flow streams which end up with excess debt during business slowdowns. So researching about capital structure determinant is important. Especially in current condition, India is developing and emerging market, and also attracting capital with outside capita by ‘make in India’ project. The study significant in recent situation also finds out which factor are more influencing capital structure determinants. The study by sector wise is more effective than in macro level research which is avoid sector variable. Each industry has its own uniqueness and situations. When taking macro level data set will miss its sector uniqueness. This research is an enqui ry through panel data analysis with considering importance of sector. Research design and Methodology This research is designed on the basis of giving importance of sector uniqueness, the study conducted on the base of panel data analysis, which used time and cross sectional factors. 1.7.1 Research Design This research set three econometric models. On the basis of this model three dependants (long term debt ratio, short term debt ratio and total debt ratio) and ten independent variables are created. The three econometric models are for short term debt ratio model lderit=ÃŽ ²0+ÃŽ ²1(prof)+ ÃŽ ²2(liq)+ ÃŽ ²3(tang)+ ÃŽ ²4(gro)+ ÃŽ ²5(infl)+ ÃŽ ²6(bnkrt)+ ÃŽ ²7(tax) +ÃŽ ²8(cod)+ ÃŽ ²9(age)+ ÃŽ ²10(size)+ uit Long term debt ratio model is sderit=ÃŽ ²0+ÃŽ ²1(prof)+ ÃŽ ²2(liq)+ ÃŽ ²3(tang)+ ÃŽ ²4(gro)+ ÃŽ ²5(infl)+ ÃŽ ²6(bnkrt)+ ÃŽ ²7(tax) +ÃŽ ²8(cod)+ ÃŽ ²9(age)+ ÃŽ ²10(size)+ uit Total debt model is derit=ÃŽ ²0+ÃŽ ²1(prof)+ ÃŽ ²2(liq)+ ÃŽ ²3(tang)+ ÃŽ ²4(gro)+ ÃŽ ²5(infl)+ ÃŽ ²6(bnkrt)+ ÃŽ ²7(tax) +ÃŽ ²8(cod)+ ÃŽ ²9(age)+ ÃŽ ²10(size)+ uit Where, Lder=long term debt ratio define by long term debt/book value of equity sder =short term debt ratio define as short term debt/ book value of equity der= total debt ratio estimate by total debt by /book value of equity i= number of companies or panel (175 firms); t= time variable (here 5 years); ÃŽ ²0=stand for model constant; ÃŽ ²1 to 10= co-efficiency of independent variables; Independent variables pro = profitability of firm defined by EBIT/ sales liq= liquidity is by total current asset divided current liability Tang= tangibility, it identified by net tangible asset to total asset gro= growth rate in total asset of a firm infl= economic inflation factors (CPI) bnkrt = bank rate fixed by RBI tax = tax liability defined by profit after tax to profit before tax cod = cost of debt calculated as interest /total outsider liability age =age of a firm; firm older than 10 years give value ‘1’ otherwise ‘0’ size = size of a firm defined by getting natural logarithm of Size ; uit =error term the research designed on the base of above said panel data models. 1.7.2 Sources and Data In this research all data are secondary nature, Data are collected by using CMIE and Bloomberg Database, some variable like bank rate and inflation are collected from Reserve bank of India website. For the research researcher collect five year data of 175 textiles companies which listed in both NSE and BSE are collected. The textiles industry is selected by pre study explained in Para 1.1.1 1.7.3 Data Analysis Data are analysed using panel data methods, which include time and cross sectional factors.. The three econometric models, short term leverage model, long term leverage model, total leverage model are analysed by various panel data tools. For analysing researcher used Stata11 software and Microsoft excel. The tools used for the analysing are listed below: Pooled OLS regression If individual effect ui (cross-sectional or time specific effect) does not exist (ui =0), ordinary least squares (OLS) produces efficient and consistent parameter estimates Yit =ÃŽ ± + Xit ÃŽ ² +ÃŽ µit (ui =0) It used regress a data irrespective of time and cross sectional values Fixed effect Fixed effect models are designed to study the causes of variation within a panel group or entity. a time invariant characteristic cannot used such a changes because each entity is constant for each person. Random effect A random effect model assumes that individual effect (heterogeneity) is not correlated with any regresses and then estimates error variance specific to groups (or times). Breusch-Pagan Lagrange multiplier (LM) Lag model test is a post estimation test it is used for checking randomness in study it assumed that there is no random effect estimates. Mainly used for choose best model, pooled OLS or Random effect Hausman test for fixed effect Hausman test also post estimator test it is used find out fixed effect in estimation. It analyses deviation of Two estimation model fixed and random model, and interpret is there any fixed effect or not. 1.8 Chapterisation This research report consist five chapters , first chapter consist introduction part it is give a basic idea about how the research is designed and including identifying research problem data source a tools used . in this chapter reported objective of the study and various hypotheses set for further research The second chapter is provide literature review, various studies conducted in same area and related area. This is providing a clear idea about previous studies nationally and internationally. So researcher can set research gap through this chapter. The third chapter is belonging to theoretical frame work, various theory related to this research are described there. It is used to providing a clear cut idea about theoretical frame and subject knowledge in researched area The forth chapter is analyses part it detail description of analysis with fixed and random methods and other test used. Fifth chapter is last chapter it consist finding and suggestions in the research . 1.9 Limitation The research study has various limitation are Time span of research is very less, so it is not possible cover all minor part of research area. The panel data collection is crucial stage, the data availability and collecting each and every observation for panel is difficult task The study only five year data it may be influenced extreme variables like economic depression and law changed Lack of knowledge and lack of expert in panel data analyses is limitation in this research Variable, which is not stated in the research may cause to influence dependant variables. Research is may not be free from clerical and human error so its result and interpretation has may vary

The Use of ERGs for Early Glaucoma Detection :: Medicine Medical Medicinal Essays

The Use of ERGs for Early Glaucoma Detection Glaucoma is a degenerative disease which can be caused by high intraocular pressure (IOP) (Glaucoma, 2002). This IOP arises in the aqueous humor, the area between the cornea and the iris, where a drainage system allows the aqueous to drain from this area and recycle (Learn about Glaucoma, 2002). A specific balance of the production and removal of aqueous determines the IOP. Either malfunction or malformation of this drainage system can cause a rise in pressure. The elevated pressure causes irrevocable damage to the optic nerve and retinal fibers as well as damage to the other areas of the visual system, which leads to a gradual and permanent loss of vision if not treated (Glaucoma, 2002). Damage to the optic nerve causes loss of vision because this nerve, or group of ganglion axons, is responsible for transporting images to the brain from the eye. While there are other possible causes of glaucoma, such as variations of the myocilin gene, IOP is thought to be the main cause (Learn abo ut Glaucoma, 2002). Treatment, especially with early detection, can slow or cease continued damage. Types of Glaucoma There are several types of glaucoma, the most prominent types being Open Angle, and Acute Angle Closure and the more infrequent types including Secondary Glaucoma, Congenital Glaucoma, Normal Tension Glaucoma (NTG), and Pigmentary Glaucoma. Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG), the most prevalent form of glaucoma (Glaucoma, 2002), is painless, and can go unnoticed without the help of an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Obstructed drainage channels, which develop over a period of time, characterize this type of glaucoma. These obstructions are not present at the openings of the channels, rather they occur inside the channels. The aqueous cannot recycle because of these obstructed channels, the IOP rises, and damage results (Learn about Glaucoma, 2002). Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma, however, is much more painful and results in rapid vision loss. In this case, the iris and cornea are not wide enough apart which can cause the edge of the iris to block the drainage channels (Learn about Glaucoma; and Glaucoma, 2002). Secondary Glaucoma results from other eye diseases or problems, such as diabetes, trauma, and tumors . Congenital Glaucoma is a rare glaucoma found in infants (Glaucoma, 2002). Normal Tension Glaucoma occurs in those with normal IOP’s but have damage to the optic nerve. Pigmentary Glaucoma results from parts of the pigment in the iris breaking off and slowly clogging the drainage channels. The Use of ERGs for Early Glaucoma Detection :: Medicine Medical Medicinal Essays The Use of ERGs for Early Glaucoma Detection Glaucoma is a degenerative disease which can be caused by high intraocular pressure (IOP) (Glaucoma, 2002). This IOP arises in the aqueous humor, the area between the cornea and the iris, where a drainage system allows the aqueous to drain from this area and recycle (Learn about Glaucoma, 2002). A specific balance of the production and removal of aqueous determines the IOP. Either malfunction or malformation of this drainage system can cause a rise in pressure. The elevated pressure causes irrevocable damage to the optic nerve and retinal fibers as well as damage to the other areas of the visual system, which leads to a gradual and permanent loss of vision if not treated (Glaucoma, 2002). Damage to the optic nerve causes loss of vision because this nerve, or group of ganglion axons, is responsible for transporting images to the brain from the eye. While there are other possible causes of glaucoma, such as variations of the myocilin gene, IOP is thought to be the main cause (Learn abo ut Glaucoma, 2002). Treatment, especially with early detection, can slow or cease continued damage. Types of Glaucoma There are several types of glaucoma, the most prominent types being Open Angle, and Acute Angle Closure and the more infrequent types including Secondary Glaucoma, Congenital Glaucoma, Normal Tension Glaucoma (NTG), and Pigmentary Glaucoma. Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG), the most prevalent form of glaucoma (Glaucoma, 2002), is painless, and can go unnoticed without the help of an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Obstructed drainage channels, which develop over a period of time, characterize this type of glaucoma. These obstructions are not present at the openings of the channels, rather they occur inside the channels. The aqueous cannot recycle because of these obstructed channels, the IOP rises, and damage results (Learn about Glaucoma, 2002). Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma, however, is much more painful and results in rapid vision loss. In this case, the iris and cornea are not wide enough apart which can cause the edge of the iris to block the drainage channels (Learn about Glaucoma; and Glaucoma, 2002). Secondary Glaucoma results from other eye diseases or problems, such as diabetes, trauma, and tumors . Congenital Glaucoma is a rare glaucoma found in infants (Glaucoma, 2002). Normal Tension Glaucoma occurs in those with normal IOP’s but have damage to the optic nerve. Pigmentary Glaucoma results from parts of the pigment in the iris breaking off and slowly clogging the drainage channels.

Person Centred Care Essay

On a female only respiratory ward in the West Midlands a patient was admitted to the ward with chest pain and shortness of breath. Her name was withheld in order to conform with patient confidentiality (Dimond, 2002). Due to being registered deaf, the patient had difficulty com municating verbally. She had a form of Aphasia resulting in stuttering. A friend of the family asked if the nurses could note down the procedures for the patient. The friend proceeded to use British Sign Language (BSL) to pass on information when trying to converse with the patient. The BSL use several movements which include hand gestures, lip patterns, fingerspelling and facial expression (National Health Services choices, 2013). The tissue viability (TV) nurses advised daily leg dressings for ulcerated legs and her personal care and medication were organised. She was kept informed by written notes. All NHS Policies, Procedures and The Code of Conduct within the Trust were followed as protocol. The patient began to refuse any care. It is the right of a mentally competent person to refuse treatment (Dimond, 2005, p142). Read more:  Essay About Person Centred Care After several attempts to change nurses, the patient still refused. This was done to see if she was more comfortable with one particular nurse. The patient was unable to sleep through the night. The nursing team followed person centred care. The nurses began trying to reason with her to give her consent for treatment. At this time the patient could have been lying in her own urine and faeces. If her leg was not attended to, further complications could occur. Her leg could become gangrenous and need operating on. All healthcare professionals want to adhere to safeguarding the patient. The Care Quality Commission (CQC) (2014) states â€Å"safeguarding means protecting people’s health, wellbeing and human rights, and enabling them to live free from harm, abuse and neglect. It is fundamental to creating high-quality health and social care†. The nurses wanted to respect and think of the dignity of the patient. Eventually the patient allowed her observations, blood sugar levels and a urine analyses to be done. A urine sample is dipped using a â€Å"multiple combination strips – e.g., five tests on each strip (detects blood, ketones, glucose, pH and protein), or seven tests on each strip (tests for blood, ketones, glucose, pH, bilirubin, urobilinogen and protein)† (Henderson, 2004). The sample was sent to microbiology to be investigated into more for underling infection that could be causing her behaviour. At all times information was provided for the patient to make her own decisions and to use all communication sources in place. Manley et al (RCN) (2011) â€Å"Healthcare teams, healthcare provider organisations and governments often articulate an intention to deliver person-centred care. However, achieving it is often challenging and difficult to sustain†. HHHh This section aims to highlight Holistic and Person-Centred care with reference to the scenario. The paper will look at professional issues in nursing practice, and it is linked with ethical issues. It will then address the importance of effective communication skills. It is including the trust’s policies and procedures, The Royal Marsden hand book, Nursing Midwifery Council, The Royal College Nursing and Department of Health. To be able to plan appropriate nursing care the whole of the patient needs to be assessed, physically, medically and psychologically. This is Holistic assessment. All aspects of the patient’s lifestyle, age, gender and how they are feeling needs to be obtained. Whilst the nurse is doing the assessment they must use all of their senses. Therapeutic communication, hearing, visual and touching should be used (Smith, 2012, pp.5-7). The Health Foundation (2014) states that ‘Person-Centred Care show an important way to make the patient feel involved in their own care’. If the patient has control over their own body and mind, then they will have an understanding of what is happening to them. Person-centred care is in place for the patients, staff and families all to get involved in the planning, care and discharge. It involves compassion which is important in a nurse’s role as the patient enters unfamiliar territory. All staff needs to consider the patients respect and dignity is upheld, with closing curtains, covering up the patient and asking for consent to enter the patient’s bed space. Person-Centred Care was followed in the scenario. The Doctor and the nurses asked for the family to come in to discuss the care of the patient. The nurses communicated with a friend of the family because the patient’s partner also had a hearing impediment. Then they communicated with the patient and told her it was in her best interest if she allowed the staff to care for her. The leg began to weep through the dressing. It was over due to be changed. She still refused help. The student nurse who was helping the patient seemed to have a positive impact on her. Price (2006, p.50) states that the person centred care approach needs different frameworks to accommodate different patients. Making sure to look at the patient as an individual. This is what the student nurse did. The patient believed she had previously met with the student nurse. The patient refused to co-operate with other nurses. The patient was very co-operative with the student nurse. The student nurse began basic sign language in order to communicate. Then the patient responded, and allowed other staff to look after her. Eventually the patient co-operated, the test results were all fine, and Doctors were not concerned. Professional issues in nursing practice are linked with ethical issues. In the dictionary the definition of â€Å"professional† states â€Å"Worthy of or appropriate to a professional person; competent, skilful, or assured† (Oxford 2014). A nurse needs to be professional in their everyday role in work and in their personal life. The Code of Professional Conduct informs a patient what standard should be expected from a registered practitioner. (Burnard. and Chapman, 2004, p1). A competent and caring nurse. The student nurse noticed the patient was struggling to communicate and had difficulty with other nurses. The student nurse thought she would be professional and use her signing skills to help with communicating. According to Tschudin (1986) in (Burnard. and Chapman, 2004, p6). Claims that â€Å"ethics is caring† and that â€Å"to act ethically is to care†¦to care for ourselves and others†. The healthcare profession can not bring in their own ethics into the hospital; they may have certain religious or moral ideas. On the other hand the patient’s family may have ethical issues. The ethical issues of her understanding what was happening was taken into account by all communication sources in place for her to be in control of her own body and to give her consent. Medical staff needs to use effective communication with family or friends. They need to be their advocate, to help them to communicate. Active listening is a skill which is also needed to communicate. Look at body language and what the patient is saying. The speed one speaks has to be thought about and the tone. If as much information is given to nurses and doctors as possible then it all helps in the care process. Therefore, communicating with the patient’s friend helped the medical team to understand the health of patient before admittance. Family are encouraged to stay with the patients, to keep them company and bring in their own belongings to reduce the anxiety of being in strange surroundings. â€Å"Good communication helps to build a therapeutic relationship†(Collins, 2009).A nurse is often the one to explain to the patient what a doctor has just said, in a more simple way, to listen to any problems. All the policy and procedures that are in place at the hospital were followed. One particular policy that was followed is from the hospital hand book of leg ulcer management (2013). This ensures that her leg had been graded, reported and recorded. There had been photographs taken of the leg. Then the leg dressed with all the correct dressings for the grade and type of wound. The Tissue Viability nurses had been to check the wound then advised the nurses what was required to put on the area for healing. The patient was treated as seemed fit by her condition, making sure the antiseptic technique was used. It is necessary to use knowledge to provide a person and family centred care in The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures it states that â€Å"Poor communication with patients can negatively affect decision making and quality of life† (Dougherty, L and Lister, S (Eds) 2011; Fallowfield et al 2001; Thorne et al 2005,p198). It is not always possible to communicate face to face or to be seen or heard. Perhaps a gentle hand on the shoulder would help. In the case of a deaf person to make sure to stand in a good light so lips can be read. After all a patient has been taken out of their own surroundings and put onto a ward, in a strange bed with strange people around them. A nurse needs to find ways to help the patient to know what is being done without being frightened. The Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC) is a governing body. The NMC, (2012) states that they have a â€Å"vision, mission and values†. Its vision is to make sure nurses and midwives always give their best healthcare to safe guard the public. Their mission is to maintain a register of nurses and midwives making sure they are fit to practice. The education of nurses fits the correct standard. If these are not adhered to then they are dealt with. The values are for those who need services of nurses and midwifes, they act in the best interest and are open and transparent in their actions and take responsibility. They show consideration and understanding and act with integrity. Also work to high standards and are experts in what they do. Modern health is used and works in partnership with others and provides equality (NMC, 2012, p.3). The hospital guidelines are â€Å"Vision, Values and Strategic Goals†. â€Å"They place their patients at the centre of all they do†, â€Å"work together to deliver top quality services† and â€Å"try to be innovative how they work and create an environment for people to thrive in†(The Royal Wolverhampton, 2014). The student nurse tried to deliver quality service by trying to use her skill in the small amount of sign language she knew. The Royal College Nursing (2012) state that the â€Å"people in your care must be treated as individuals and their dignity must be respected†. The medical team have to reach a certain level and to behave in a certain way. After the entire patient’s life is in their hands. The professional issue of the case is the delivery of care given to the patient was followed to the care plan in place everything was taken into consideration. The Department of Health states that â€Å"People who use health and care services have the right to be treated with respect, dignity and compassion by staff who have the skills and time to care for them† (DOH, 2013). The patient was treated with a high standard of care and alternatives to help with her communication needs were implemented. At a later stage the patient would be discharged from the hospital and transferred under the guide of Community Care Matron. The patient would need to be assessed in order to identify the specific care required. Conclution From a nursing persective it was evident that a good quality of Person- Centred- Care was implemented. It was taken into account that there were more complicated matters than the patient’s ulcerated leg. The staff worked well as a team, this showed in the way the nurses tried to alternate their care. Everyone worked with the professionalism that beholds a nurse,competent,skilful and assured. They worked effectively with the communication needs that were in their power to do so. Note taking and using the family and friend for help when signing.The communication problem caused by the patient’s deafness could have been made easer if all staff were trained in BSL. This training must be put in place to allow patient and staff to have better communication. References Burnard,P. and Chapman, C. (2004) Professional and ethical issues in nursing. 3rd ed. Oxford: Bailliete Tindall. Care Quality Commission (CQC)(2014) Safeguarding people. [online]. Newcastle upon Tyne: CQC. [Accessed 14 April 2014]. Available at: . Collins, S., (2009) Building relationships is central to nursing work. Nursing Times.net. [online] 19 June, p.1 [Accessed 17 March 2014]. Available at: . Department of Health (DOH)(2013) Treating paitents and service users with respect, dignity and compassion. [online].DOH. [Accessed 12 March 2014].Available at: . Dimond, B. (2002) Legal aspects of patient confidentiality. London: Allen Publishing. Dimond, B. (2005) Legal aspects of nursing. 4th ed. London: Pearson Longman. Dougherty, L. (2011). The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures student edition. 8th ed. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Health Foundation (2014) Person-centred care: what is person-centred care? [online]. London: [Accessed 27 March 2014]. Available at: . Henderson, R. (2014) Urine dipstick analysis. [online]. Leeds: [Accessed 14 April 2014]. Available at: . Manley,K. Hills, V. and Marriot, S.(2011) Person-centred care:principle of nursing practice ‘D’. 25 (31), pp.35-37.[Accessed 11 April 2014].Nursing Standard [online].Available at: . National Health service (NHS choices)(2013) Commuication sign language.Redditch:NHS [Accessed 11 April 2014]. Available at: . Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC)(2012) Guidance on professional conduct session theme for taught. [Online]. London: NMC.[Accessed 24 March 2014].Available at: . Oxford Dictionaries (2014) Language matters. Oxford University Press [online]. [Accessed 8 April 2014]. Available at: .‎ Price, B. (2006) Exploring personal-centred care. 20(50),pp.49-56.[Accessed 16 April 2014].Nursing Standard [online].Available at: . Royal College Nursing (RCN)(2012) Human rights and nursing. [online] London: RCN. [Accessed 12 March 2014]. Available at: . Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust. (2013) Leg Ulcer Management. Version 1. Wolverhampton: Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust. Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust (2014) Trust’s Vision and Values. [online].Wolverhampton: [Accessed 4 April 2014]. Available at: . Smith, P. (2012) Holistic Assessment Holistic. Assessment skills in nursing [online]. [Accessed 27 March 2014]. Available at .

Countries and Nationalities

Countries and Nationalities Dialogue in Romaji Mike: Ginkou wa doko desu ka. Yuki: Asoko desu. Mike: Nan-ji kara desu ka. Yuki: Ku-ji kara desu. Mike: Doumo. Dialogue in Japanese : : : : : Dialogue in English Mike: Where is the bank? Yuki: It is over there. Mike: What time is the bank open from? Yuki: From 9 oclock. Mike: Thanks. Do you remember how to ask someone what country he or she is from? The answer is Okuni wa dochira desu ka 㠁Šå› ½Ã£  «Ã£  ¯Ã£  ©Ã£  ¡Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Dochira 㠁 ©Ã£  ¡Ã£â€šâ€° and doko 㠁 ©Ã£ â€œ both mean where. Doko is less formal. How do you say, What time is it? The answer is Nan-ji desu ka ä ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹ Todays question is Nan-ji kara desu ka ä ½â€¢Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹. Kara 㠁‹ã‚‰ is a particle and means from. Quiz Translate into Japanese. Check your answers at the end of the lesson.(1) Im from Japan.(2) Im from England. Here are some vocabulary for the names of the countries.   Nihon Japan Ingurando England Amerika America Itaria Italy Chuugoku China Kanada Canada Doitsu Germany Mekishiko Mexico Furansu France Oosutoraria Australia Click here to learn how to write the names of the countries in katakana. Expressing the nationality is easy. Just put jin (ä º º) (which means person or people) after the name of country.   Nihon-jin Japanese Amerika-jin American Kanada-jin Canadian Answers for the Quiz(1) Nihon kara desu. æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š(2) Igirisu kara desu. ã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ®Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š

Degration of Women essays

Degration of Women essays Since the beginning of civilization, homosexual relationships have been looked down upon and condemned. The infamous story of Sodom and Gomorrah, which is taken from The Holy Bible, gives a detailed account of Gods own intolerance of homosexuality. But, as time moves on and the attitudes of the masses change, we find ourselves moving towards a society that seemingly tolerates actions that were once seen as abominable. The blatant use of sexuality as an advertisement tool, the insurgence of talk shows such as The Jerry Springer Show, and a music industry that routinely sells materials that degrade women and advocate the use of recreational drugs seem to be the calling cards of modern society. Over the years, the United States Armed Forces has made a conscious effort to maintain a sense of morality and discipline in an ever-changing world. We are an institution of proud men and women who have volunteered our lives to the nations defense. We have the awesome task of not only accomplishing a wartime mission, but, living together in tense, limited facilities that do not always accommodate ones need for comfort and convenience. After saying all of these things about the military, as I know it to be, I have to give careful consideration to the topic of this essay. When the armed forces oppose openly homosexual service members, what are we opposed to? In 1999, Senator Bill Bradley and former Vice President Al Gore expected members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to let homosexuals openly serve in the military. What they received was a backlash of military leadership that opposed the changes due to fears that unit cohesion would decay throughout the armed forces. However, living in a more tolerant society would eventually usher in the Dont ask, dont tell policy. The Army Command Policy (Army Regulation 600-20) allows homosexuals to serve in the military under the con ...

Cloning Essays (1224 words) - Cloning, Biotechnology, Free Essays

Cloning Essays (1224 words) - Cloning, Biotechnology, Free Essays Cloning Pressing the Clone Issue Do you remember when in vitro fertilization (often called ?test tube babies?) was the center of controversy? Many people believed that this technique violated the laws of God and nature! Today, in vitro fertilization creates between eleven and twelve thousand babies a year, allowing many infertile couples to have biological children of their own. Currently, when cloning is mentioned, people tend to have the same type of negative reaction. Some people may react negatively because it is a new concept, much like test tube babies were in the past. Still other individuals seem to think that is it baby killing. All the negative news reports do not help cloning move forward at all! In vitro fertilization takes an egg and a sperm to produce a baby, in contrast, cloning to produce children (reproductive), and cloning for biomedical research (therapeutic) are both asexual creations. When the press covers the vast advancements accomplished thus far in reproductive and therapeutic cloning resear ch, instead of shocking the general public into believing it is baby killing, then people might become more open minded, like they have become with the idea of in vitro fertilization. One difference in reproductive and therapeutic cloning types is the way the eggs and embryos are treated in the beginning of the procedure. A female contributor donates an egg. In both forms of cloning, scientists remove all DNA from the egg so that it is an empty vessel ready for the adult donor DNA insertion. Reproductive eggs are inserted with DNA from a human or animal (child or adult) to create a twin, whereas therapeutic eggs are given DNA from an adult patient to create duplicate tissue, nerves, or skin depending upon what the patient needs. Both types of eggs are given shock treatments and stimulants, which force the egg to divide, creating an embryo. At this time in the process, reproductive eggs are implanted into the womb of the host mother for the gestation period, unlike therapeutic embryos, where the stem cells are removed from the therapeutic embryo with the rest of the cells being allowed to expire. Not all types of therapeutic cloning will use eggs; some types just utilize adult stem cells. Neither of these methods will employ a single sperm from a male donor, and so, both of these methods are an excellent way to study, and possibly generate remarkable medical cures. Another difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning is the end product or result. Reproductive type cloning will create a living organism, unlike therapeutic cloning, which can produce several different types of living tissue. Reproductive cloning is an attempt to reproduce a living entity in order to remove a defective gene, or to include some type DNA that will enhance animals to produce additional quantities of a particular hormone in order to make medication for humans more economical. Therapeutic cloning, on the other hand, will produce many different types of replacement tissues for sick patients. Burn victims are a good example of people in need of such tissue. Therapeutic cloning will also produce nerves, muscles, organs and a host of other cells needed by the body when ill. The process for both types of cloning is long, difficult, costly, and takes many attempts to succeed. Scientists have only been able to clone animals and plants with partial success. Doctors have effectively treated diseases such as multiple scleroses, heart disease, and Parkinson?s disease, just to name a very few. The astonishing benefits of both types of cell reproduction will be quite miraculous when our scientific investigators are given free rein to explore this unknown world of genetics. A final and significant difference to the individual types of cloning is the media coverage they receive, or do not receive. It appears as though everyone has heard of the cloned sheep, Dolly. She was the first mammal cloned in Scotland sometime in 1996 after 277 failed attempts. Yet, who has heard of Mr. Dennis Turner? In 1999, Mr. Turner was treated for Parkinson?s disease by his doctor in Los Angeles with his own neural stem cells. The doctor did not turn the cells into an embryo; for an egg was not used. The physician was able to grow

Interpersonal Film Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interpersonal Film Paper - Essay Example Lorelai’s parents, who are seen to be quiet different than her never let her forget how much trouble she was in her early years. She therefore lives independently with Rory, however eventually she turns for their financial help in order to give Rory the best education. The show revolves around the communication and the lack thereof between the characters which leads them to a number of situations, good and bad. It depicts how Lorelai while still leaving room for her daughter to make mistakes, continues to make so many of her own. The series runs for 7 seasons all of which portray to the audience the drama of these dynamic women at their prime as well as their downfalls. It shows that how no matter what happens in their lives, the basic fact that they will always have each other, and this is what Lorelai and Rory Gilmore are all about. One of the major propellant of the ‘Gilmore girls story, as far as communication is concerned is closely associated to the aspect of American class. Firstly it is important to mention that American culture being categorized as low-context where the communication style has most of the information incorporated into a message with the need for detailed background information for social interaction (Hall, 1973). Lorelai, despite being born and raised in a wealthy atmosphere is seen to have left her home with her child at the age of seventeen. She moved to Stars Hollow and started a new life working her way up from a job as a maid at the Independence Inn to being a manager there years later. Being privileged instead of making her feel comfortable and safe made her feel repressed and controlled. The defining reason for this disparity and gap between her and her parents was due to poor communication which leads to widening the gap between them, one which already was undeniable due to very different

Slavery - Nazi vs American chattel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slavery - Nazi vs American chattel - Essay Example ing durable.† Nazi slavery, or American chattel slavery—they were alternative beats of the same wicked heart related to economic exploitation and/or territorial aggrandizement, against the races that were at a highly disadvantageous position. Every detail related to American chattel slavery was practiced as per instructions contained in the manual of instructions as if! The slave-owners annihilated the dignity of the slave first before destroying the spirit totally. â€Å" A slave has no personal rights and is considered the property of another person through birth, purchase, or capture.† (Chattel....)They were the sworn enemies of the blacks from the cradle to the grave. Frederick Douglass ( an American slave) writes, â€Å" I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record constraining it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant.†(p.13) About the exploitation of the black children Douglass records thus: â€Å" Frequently, before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off....and to blunt and destroy the natural affection of the mother for the child.†(p.13) These two examples are sufficient to imagine the shape of things to come in the life of a black. It is nothing but exploitation, more exploitation and exploitation of the worst order!â€Å"Chattel slavery involves outright ownership of the slave by a m aster, but there are forms of partial slavery where an individual is tied to the land, or to another person, by legal obligations, as in serfdom or indentured labor. Historically there have been two basic types of chattel slave. Domestic or house slaves performed menial household duties for their masters and were often counted as a measure of status. Productive or field slaves, who usually held a lower status,

Public Relation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Public Relation Plan - Assignment Example By November 2005 it had 443 supermarkets and 287 convenience stores. For decades this chain of stores was number one in the UK market. It lost its position against TESCO in 1995. It reached to third position behind Wal-Mart owned ASDA in 2003. The reasons for this were better strategies adopted by the other two companies than Sainsbury, leadership and customer satisfaction. In today's scenario one's daily life is full of examples of services. When one think about service, service marketing triangle or rather pyramid comes to his mind, which has following components in it. The first part of the paper covers the situation analysis for Sainsbury. It includes competitor analysis and SWOT analysis. These two factors are important for any marketing, media or publicity decisions. This self-analysis and market analysis gives an opportunity to list all the factors important for the organisation. A good analysis throws light on various issues and topics, which can be utilised successfully for the publicity purpose. The next section deals with the target public section. This group deals with the fraternity group towards which the publicity plan will be targeted. According to this target group the publicity plan will have message, mode and timing of communication. Client strategy includes the message, objectives and other details of publicity plan. At the end the budget related to the publicity plan would be discussed. II. Situation Analysis Sainsbury has faced various marketing conditions. One time leader had reached to third position in the market. Any strategy to make a new brand is easier as compared to re-establishing any brand. The media group has not been favourable for Sainsbury till 2005. This is a strong influencer for all readers and audience. The current favourable scenario from the media group is one of the good signs for Sainsbury. Sainsbury can in cash this opportunity along with other strategies. II.i. Competitor Analysis As per the news on Guardian appeared on March 2006, the big four - TESCO, ASDA, Sainsbury's and Morrisons account for nearly 75% of the 95bn UK grocery market. The main competitors for Sainsbury are TESCO and ASDA. These two chains of stores are leading Sainsbury. TESCO TESCO has more than 30% market share of UK grocery market. It is more than double of its nearest competitor ASDA.TESCO is market leader in UK.240, 000 people are working for TESCO. "Tesco now has 100 Extra hypermarkets, 446 superstores, 160 Metro stores, 546 Express neighbourhood stores, and "over 500 other fascia-ed stores not judged worthy of the Tesco name but that still bring in

Describing how the civilizations were similar and how they differed Essay

Describing how the civilizations were similar and how they differed - Essay Example The civilizations extended and some areas developed dependently and together while the Chinese civilization developed independently (Schirokauer et.al 24). Although there was some influence on the West’s cultures. In most cases, the Chines development occurred in the sections known as the dynasties. The dynasties were divided into three categories namely, early dynasty, imperial dynasties and end of ancient china. The Qin dynasty was established as a type of China civilization dynasties by Shi Huangti. The Qin dynasty can be also referred to as the China era. Shi conducted the wall destruction and established the Great Wall of China (Schirokauer et.al 48). He also made travelling easy by building roads to improve the infrastructure of China. He fairly ruled the people and distributed lands. He also expanded his empire and its boundaries (Schirokauer et.al 48). All this and among others are the development of civilization in the empire of Qin dynasty. The empire of Persian developed civilization in terms of classical civilization. The classical development of civilization in the Persian Empire. Succeed due to the cooperation of leaders in the empire. Several areas of economic activities were taxed 20 percent. Such activities are like religious institution, manufacturing and agriculture among others. The activities were the cause civilization development. Finally, civilization in the Empire of Macedon. The civilization development started in the year 1913. In this empire, the Greek community was powered and the stabilization of the area. Unlike other empires, Macedon has developed its civilization through development of the area. The mentioned empires above having their differences and similarities. In most cases, development in all the empires influenced the economic development of the area. On the other hand, each empire had a different style of developing

Reaction paper of Ideoligy explore in venezuela Essay

Reaction paper of Ideoligy explore in venezuela - Essay Example Given its huge oil resources Venezuela should ideally command a lot of respect internationally as a economically stable state. This however doesn’t seem to be true with the larger percentage of it’s population living below the poverty line. At the time president Chavez took over the rains around 70% of the population was below the poverty line. It was expected and hoped that this condition would change. This however did not happen largely due to the ideologies adopted by the government. The gap between the rich and the poor is just too big considering the massive capabilities that the country has. The very thing that should generate prosperity seems to be driving the disparity. Oil should be good for any given country but when combined with corruption which is rampant in the country then the effects can be catastrophic as they are in this country. The oil industry is controlled by the rich and affluent political class. This class is well known for the greed with which they want to line their pockets with more wealth. They rarely consider the poor. The oil industry is very labour intensive which contributes for the high unemployment rates. Another factor that fuels this state is the fact that the country for the most part is dependent on imports which has never made it easy for any economy. Add to this the fact that every citizen is always trying to enrich themselves. Hoarding of these imported goods is rampart driving inflation in the country high (Dunaway 55). The high prices cause the government to try and rectify this and the most popular way for them is to make more money fuelling inflation. This inflation seems the poorer even poorer. One would argue that the best way to cure this would for a total overhaul the ideologies prevalent in the political class. Them being the main stakeholders in both the economy and the social level they are the ones who would drive any change in the country, ideological or otherwise. They need to

CAUSE AND EFFECT OF A DEFFINITION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CAUSE AND EFFECT OF A DEFFINITION - Essay Example A hazard is a wellspring of potential harm, hurt or unfriendly wellbeing impacts on something or somebody under specific conditions at work. I think this a clear definition of the word hazard. Fundamentally, a hazard can result in damage or unfriendly impacts to people as wellbeing impacts or to associations as property or gear misfortunes. More often than not, a hazard is alluded to as being the real mischief or the wellbeing impact it brought on instead of the peril. For instance, the illness tuberculosis (TB) could be known as a peril by some however when all is said in done the TB-initiating microscopic organisms might be viewed as the "danger" or "perilous biotic executor". On the other hand, risk is the probability or likelihood that an individual will be hurt or experience an unfriendly wellbeing impact if laid open to a danger. It might additionally apply to circumstances with property or gear misfortune. For instance, the danger of creating tumor from smoking smokes could be communicated as "cigarette smokers are less averse to bite the dust of lung disease than non-smokers". An alternate method for reporting danger is "a sure number, "Y", of smokers for every 100,000 smokers will probably create lung tumor" (contingent upon their age and how long they have smoked). Such dangers are communicated as a likelihood or probability of creating a malady or being harmed. Although perils allude to the conceivable outcomes for example, lung tumor, emphysema and coronary illness from smoke smoking) considers that impact the level of danger incorporate: what amount of an individual is presented to a dangerous substance or condition, how the individual is uncovered for instance taking in a vapor, skin contact), and how serious are the impacts under the states of introduction. In sum, a hazard is any wellspring of potential harm, hurt or

Describing how the civilizations were similar and how they differed Essay

Describing how the civilizations were similar and how they differed - Essay Example The civilizations extended and some areas developed dependently and together while the Chinese civilization developed independently (Schirokauer et.al 24). Although there was some influence on the West’s cultures. In most cases, the Chines development occurred in the sections known as the dynasties. The dynasties were divided into three categories namely, early dynasty, imperial dynasties and end of ancient china. The Qin dynasty was established as a type of China civilization dynasties by Shi Huangti. The Qin dynasty can be also referred to as the China era. Shi conducted the wall destruction and established the Great Wall of China (Schirokauer et.al 48). He also made travelling easy by building roads to improve the infrastructure of China. He fairly ruled the people and distributed lands. He also expanded his empire and its boundaries (Schirokauer et.al 48). All this and among others are the development of civilization in the empire of Qin dynasty. The empire of Persian developed civilization in terms of classical civilization. The classical development of civilization in the Persian Empire. Succeed due to the cooperation of leaders in the empire. Several areas of economic activities were taxed 20 percent. Such activities are like religious institution, manufacturing and agriculture among others. The activities were the cause civilization development. Finally, civilization in the Empire of Macedon. The civilization development started in the year 1913. In this empire, the Greek community was powered and the stabilization of the area. Unlike other empires, Macedon has developed its civilization through development of the area. The mentioned empires above having their differences and similarities. In most cases, development in all the empires influenced the economic development of the area. On the other hand, each empire had a different style of developing

CAUSE AND EFFECT OF A DEFFINITION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CAUSE AND EFFECT OF A DEFFINITION - Essay Example A hazard is a wellspring of potential harm, hurt or unfriendly wellbeing impacts on something or somebody under specific conditions at work. I think this a clear definition of the word hazard. Fundamentally, a hazard can result in damage or unfriendly impacts to people as wellbeing impacts or to associations as property or gear misfortunes. More often than not, a hazard is alluded to as being the real mischief or the wellbeing impact it brought on instead of the peril. For instance, the illness tuberculosis (TB) could be known as a peril by some however when all is said in done the TB-initiating microscopic organisms might be viewed as the "danger" or "perilous biotic executor". On the other hand, risk is the probability or likelihood that an individual will be hurt or experience an unfriendly wellbeing impact if laid open to a danger. It might additionally apply to circumstances with property or gear misfortune. For instance, the danger of creating tumor from smoking smokes could be communicated as "cigarette smokers are less averse to bite the dust of lung disease than non-smokers". An alternate method for reporting danger is "a sure number, "Y", of smokers for every 100,000 smokers will probably create lung tumor" (contingent upon their age and how long they have smoked). Such dangers are communicated as a likelihood or probability of creating a malady or being harmed. Although perils allude to the conceivable outcomes for example, lung tumor, emphysema and coronary illness from smoke smoking) considers that impact the level of danger incorporate: what amount of an individual is presented to a dangerous substance or condition, how the individual is uncovered for instance taking in a vapor, skin contact), and how serious are the impacts under the states of introduction. In sum, a hazard is any wellspring of potential harm, hurt or

India’s Trade in 2020 Essay Example for Free

India’s Trade in 2020 Essay Introduction Indias trade has generally grown at a faster rate compared to the growth of GDP over the past two decades. With the liberalization since 1991 in particular, the importance of international trade in India’s economy has grown considerably. As a result the ratio of international trade to GDP has gone up from 14 per cent in 1980 to nearly 20 per cent towards the end of the decade of 1990s. Given the trends of globalization and liberalization, the openness of Indian economy is expected to grow further in the coming two decades. The more exact magnitude of Indias trade in 2020 and its proportion to Indias national income would be determined by a variety of factors. Many of these factors are in the nature of external shocks and are beyond the control of national policy making. One illustration is the recent surge in the crude oil prices in the international market to unprecedented levels that have impacted the country’s imports in a significant manner. In addition, the implementation of various WTO agreements are likely to affect the Indias trade. Indias trade is also likely to be affected by various bilateral/ regional preferential trade arrangements that have been concluded and those that might take shape in the coming years. This paper attempts to provide a mapping of different factors that are likely to shape the patterns and magnitudes of Indias imports and exports over the coming two decades. These factors are classified into three, namely: 1) factors affecting the demand for Indias exports of goods and services; 2) factors affecting the supply of Indias exports of goods and services; and 3) factors affecting the demand for Indias imports. The supply of imports may be assumed to be elastic and hence is not discussed. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 1 maps out various factors affecting demand for India’s exports, Section 2, factors affecting supply of India’s exports. Section 3 lists the factors that are likely to affect demand for India’s imports. Section 4 briefly summarizes emerging patterns of India’s comparative advantage in exports of good and services. Section 5 makes some concluding remarks. 1.Factors Affecting the Demand for Exports There is a multitude of factors that are likely to affect the demand for Indias exports of goods and services as seen below. 3 Growth Performance of World Economy and Key Trading Regions The growth rates of the world economy and world trade do influence the overall demand for Indias exports. For instance, the rates of stagnation in the growth rate of world trade in the period since 1996 have affected the growth of Indias exports. Some broad correspondence between the growth rates of world trade and Indian exports is evident from Figure 1. Depending upon the intensities of Indias trade relations the growth prospects in these specific regions may also affect the demand for Indias exports. The regions which may be particularly important for Indias exports include North America, the European Union, Middle East, East and Southeast Asia and South Asia. Therefore, it will be important to watch the growth outlook and projections for these regions. Figure 1: Growth Rates of World Trade and Indias Exports Over the 1990s Source: RIS on the basis of WEO Database of the IMF 1.1.1. World Output and Trade at the Turn of the Century and the Outlook The world economy in 2000 seems to have fully recovered from the slow down of 1998-1999 on account of the East Asian crisis. The estimated world output growth of 4.8 percent in 2000 is highest since 1988 and of world trade at 12.4 percent is highest of the past 25 years (Table 1, Figure 1). The impressive recovery of the world economy and world trade in the early part of 2000 generated optimism all around as countries expected to benefit from favourable spillovers in the form of rise in demand for their exports. However, the optimism has proved to be short lived. It has been partly tarnished somewhat by the crude oil prices hitting the roof in the third quarter of 2000 and adversely affecting the outlook of many regions besides raising the threats of inflation in different parts of the world. Furthermore and more importantly, the emerging trends confirm that a trend of slow down was set in the US economy in the third quarter of the 2000. Hence, fears of a hard landing of the US economy in 2001 have continued to grow. A scenario of hard landing of the US economy in 2001 is thus likely to short-circuit the rebound of the world economy of 1999-2000, even though the major European Union economies are improving their performance. The Japanese economy continues to remain sluggish. The slow down of the US economy has a compounded effect on the growth of the world economy by adversely affecting the demand for the products of partner countries as well. As a result the growth rate of world output is likely to slow down in 2001 from the levels reached in 2000 to 3.2. The world economy is expected to pick up moderately to 3.9 per cent in 2002. The effect of the impending slow down is more severe on the growth rate of world trade which is likely to reduce by nearly half from the rate achieved in 2000 to around 6.5 per cent in 2001 and 2001. In the light of recent trends, the outlook for the world economy and trade growth over the next ten years could be taken at 3 and 6 per cent respectively. *Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. #ASEAN-4. Source: RIS based on World Bank (2001), IMF (2001). 1. WTO Agreements Since the implementation of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round in 1995, the WTO Agreements have become important factors in determining the patterns of world trade. Their full impact is not yet obvious as many provisions of these agreements are yet to be implemented because of the transition period provided. Most of the remaining provisions of the WTO agreements would be implemented in the coming five years. Therefore, the patterns of trade in 2020 would have to be speculated keeping in mind the impact of full implementation of the WTO agreements. Some of the agreements which are likely to affect Indias exports are the following. 1. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) proposes to phase out the MFA quotas imposed by the developed countries on the imports of textiles and clothing from developing countries over a period of 10 years ending on 31st December 2004. Given the fact that India has substantially fulfilled her quota for the products coming under MFA, it may appear that the phasing out of these quotas would help in the expansion of exports. However, the impact of the phase out is likely to be a mixed bag. This is because with MFA phase out, Indian exporters would be competing directly with other exporters of textiles and garments such as China, Korea, Taiwan, Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, Mexico, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Macau, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, among others. Therefore, while ATC provides an opportunity to Indian exporters to expand their exports of textiles and garments by removing the quota restrictions, it also poses a challenge of increased international competition. Some of them will enjoy preferential access to the importing countries due to their least developed country (LDC) status such as Bangladesh. There are apprehensions on the full benefits of phase out being available to developing countries. As such the schedule of the phase-out has been back-loaded over a ten-year long phase-out period. The industrialized countries may use other protectionist measures such as anti-dumping to prevent market access after the phase-out of quotas. A large number of textiles and clothing products already face tariffs in the range of 15 to 30 per cent in the Quad countries (World Bank, 2000). Some attempts of restricting them with anti-dumping duties have already been made against these exports including those from India. Another factor that will affect the competitiveness of Indian exports of textiles and garments in the post-MFA regime is the availability of trade preferences to emerging competitors of India. For instance, Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Cyprus and Malta and Central and Eastern European countries enjoy free trade agreement with the European Union ahead of their full membership. The Caribbean countries enjoy a similar preferential access to the United States market under the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). Mexico enjoys a privileged access to the North American Market as a member of NAFTA. These trade preferences have already resulted into diversion of trade in textiles and clothing to these countries. For instance, Mexican exports of clothing to the United States have grown at the rate of 27 and 15 percent in 1998 and 1999, respectively with the growth rate of exports to Canada in these years being 30 percent and 26 percent, respectively. Similarly, exports of clothing from Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Turkey to the European Union in 1998 have grown at 26 percent, 14 percent, 11 percent, 23 percent and 11 percent, respectively (WTO, 2000). The ability of Indian exporters to take advantage of phase out the MFA quotas by 2004 will depend upon a number of factors such as their ability to enhance overall international competitiveness with productivity and efficiency improvements, quality control, ability to quickly come up with new designs, ability to respond to changes in consumer preferences rapidly and the ability to move up the value chain by building brand names and acquiring channels of distribution to more than outweigh the advantages of her competitors. The reservation of the garment industry for small-scale sector has affected capital investment, modernization and automation in the sector in the country. Although the small sector operation has imparted flexibility, it has prevented exploitation of economies of scale and scope by the Indian industry. The new Textiles Policy takes care of some of the concerns. It remains to be seen if the Indian industry will be able to exploit the opportunities provided by the incr eased market access with the MFA phase-out. 2. Agreement on Agriculture (AoA): The AoA proposes to liberalize the international trade in agriculture by restricting the agricultural subsidies provided by governments to the farmers, reduction in export subsidies in agriculture, removal of QRs and establishment of tariff rate quotas applicable to trade in agricultural commodities. In general India’s obligations under AoA are limited given the low level of agricultural subsidies compared to EU and the US. It is believed that implementation of the AoA commitments by industrialized countries will benefit countries like India in terms of market access for some agricultural commodities. However, the implementation of the commitments on the part of industrialized countries so far does not provide any room for optimism. The extent of subsidies given by industrialized countries have actually increased over the past few years as acknowledged by OECD reports. It is possible that in the coming years the provisions of the Agreement are implemented in the letter and spi rit. The likely effect of the full implementation on India’s trade is difficult to be speculated. However, one can have an idea about the likely scenario from efficiency indicators and incentive structure. Given lower than world prices of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, chickpea and cotton in India, their exports may expand under the liberalised trade in agriculture. Hence the area under cultivation for these crops may increase since profitability and effective incentives will get tilted in favour of these crops. The same is true for pearl millet, pigeonpea and soyabean. However, production of oilseeds e.g. groundnut, rapeseed, mustard and sunflower, and pulses may be adversely affected in a free-trade scenario given the lower world prices. Thus, the import dependence in edible oils and pulses may increase. 3. Anti-dumping Regulations The Indian exports of a number of commodities have been subjected to anti-dumping regulations by some of our important trading partners such as the United States and the European Union. The onslaught of the anti-dumping measures on Indian exports is likely to increase in future with the growing competitiveness of Indian products. In order to minimize their disruptive effect of these regulations on Indias exports, the industry and government will have to strengthen the machinery to counter such actions (Panchamukhi, 2000). 1.2.4. Tariff Negotiations and New Trade Round Although the average tariff rates in the industrialized countries are low, they have high peak tariffs for certain products, some of which are of export interest to India such as textiles and garments, and agricultural commodities (see Table 3). Market access for these products could be facilitated by our ability to secure reduction in these tariffs in the industrialized countries through future tariff negotiations in the WTO framework. N.B. HS Chapters are given in parentheses. Source: RIS based on UNCTAD/WTO (2000) The Post-Uruguay Round Tariff Environment For Developing Country Exports: Tariff Peaks and Tariff Escalation, UNCTAD, Geneva (TD/B/COM.1/14/Rev.1; 28 January 2000) 1.2.5.Trade Preferences for the Least Developed Countries One emerging development in the WTO system has been the tendency to divide the developing countries with the offer of special trade preferences for the least developed countries. A sizeable proportion of Indias exports still comprise labour and resource intensive goods that are also exported by some of the least developed countries. If successful these preferences have the prospects of diverting trade from India to the least developed countries. The potential of these trade preferences for adversely affecting India’s exports needs to be kept in mind. 2. Chinas Accession to WTO One of the important events of the coming years for the world trade may be the entry of China into the WTO regime. China signed an agreement with the US for its entry into the WTO in November 1999. It has subsequently been negotiating such agreements with other WTO members. The accession of China to the WTO and hence the MFN status that it will receive from other WTO countries may have some implications for the competitiveness of Indias exports. This is because India and China compete in the international market for a number of labour intensive and matured technology goods such as textiles and garments, leather goods, light engineering products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, among others. China has already been giving tough competition to Indian exports in many commodities and markets. There is a view that the accession to WTO may further strengthen China’s competitiveness and hence may affect the Indian exports adversely. There is another view that the accession of China to WTO would force it to follow WTO norms and procedures, etc. and will bring their trade policy under international surveillance. State subsidies will be regulated and hence it will make it more difficult for the Chinese exporters to dump their products in the world market. The exact impact of the accession of China to the WTO on the Indias export prospects will depend upon these counteracting effects. It is important to analyze the effects of Chinese accession to WTO on the competitiveness of Indian exports. 1.4. Preferential Trade Arrangements/Free Trade Arrangements in Rest of the World The last decade and a half has seen the proliferation of regional trading arrangements in different parts of the world. The major trading blocks that have emerged over the years include the European Union, NAFTA, Mercosur, AFTA, COMESA, among others. Besides, these free trade and common market agreements, a number of other countries have become integrated with the trading blocks through a variety of preferential or free trade arrangements. For instance, European Union has extended free trade agreement treatment to a number of Central Eastern European Union and Mediterranean countries in anticipation of full membership to these countries in the EU. These arrangements could also act to divert trade away from India especially in the labour intensive goods, as indicated earlier in the case of textiles and clothing. 1.5.Regional/Bilateral Free Trade Arrangements India has taken several steps to liberalize trade with her trading partners in the South Asia region on regional as well as bilateral basis. These steps include participation to SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangements (SAPTA) that came into being in December 1995. Under this Agreement, India has exchanged trade concessions with the SAARC member countries for nearly 3000 commodities in the first three rounds of negotiations. The fourth round of these negotiations is in the process. It is expected that the process of trade liberalization in the framework of SAARC will culminate into a South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA), although, it may take some time to take shape given the current impasse in the SAARC process. Besides SAPTA, India has recently signed a bilateral free trade agreement with Sri Lanka. India already has bilateral free trade agreement with Nepal and Bhutan. A bilateral free trade agreement is being contemplated with Bangladesh as well. There are other attempts of regional/sub-regional economic integration which may also come into being in the coming decade, for instance, BIMST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation) which has been formed recently may adopt a preferential trading arrangement between the member countries. Although India is also a founder member of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), a preferential trading arrangement is not contemplated as the Association has adopted the concept of open regionalism on the lines of APEC. All these attempts at free trade with the regional partners may open the markets for Indian goods further in the countries concerned. It is evident that the share of South Asian countries in Indias exports has increased from 2.73 to 4.9 over the period 1990 to 1999. The recent initiatives in regional/ bilateral trade liberalization may help to divert some trade of the countries concerned from their other trading partners in favour of India given the supply capabilities. 2. Factors Affecting the Supply of Exports It is widely believed that the major factors constraining India’s exports lie not in the lack of demand but more in the supply side constraints. Most of the supply side factors need to be addressed as a part of the policy towards trade. Some of the factors that constrain the volume and composition of Indias exports are as follows: 1. Infrastructural Bottlenecks It is widely accepted that Indias export potential remains considerably unfulfilled because of infrastructure bottlenecks such as power shortages, port handling facilities, delays in transportation which in turn are due to poor transport links within the country and poor communication facilities. The inability of Indian exporters in meeting supply schedules costs dearly in terms of image of India as a reliable source of supply. Not only that the availability of the infrastructure services is inadequate but the efficiency and quality of the delivery of what is available is highly uneven. The ability of the government in removing these constraints in the coming years will also determine the supply side of Indian exports. 2. Growth of Domestic Demand A rapid growth of domestic demand may also affect Indias ability to export at least in certain products, for instance, in tea where the rapid growth of domestic demand is expected to reduce the export surplus in the coming years. It may also apply to a number of other agricultural commodities such as rice, cotton, among others. 2.3 Inflows of Export-oriented Foreign Direct Investment Multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played an important role in the rapid growth of manufactured exports from the East and South-East Asian countries. This is because the South East and East Asian countries were able to attract export platform investments from US and Japanese MNEs in the 1970s and 1980s. The export platform or export-oriented investment arises in the process of relocation of production by MNEs abroad in order to maintain their international competitiveness in the face of rising wages and other costs in their home countries. In Malaysia and Indonesia, for instance, 70 percent of the projects involving FDI have been export-oriented. In China, the share of foreign owned firms in exports has risen from 5 percent in 1988 to 40 percent by 1997. In contrast, the share of foreign affiliates in Indias exports is marginal at 5 to 7 percent (Kumar and Siddharthan, 1997, for a review of evidence from different countries). Therefore, India has not been able to exploit the potential of MNEs for export-oriented production. MNEs can play an important role in promotion of Indias manufacture exports with relocation of export platform production in the country with their access to global marketing networks, best practice technology and organizational know-how. To some extent, therefore, Indias ability to attract export-oriented FDI will determine the magnitude of Indias exports in 2020. The studies have shown that export-oriented FDI inflows are of special type and are determined by different factors than other types of FDI (Kumar, 1994). The studies also find differences in the nature and determinants of export platform investments that are geared to MNEs home markets and those targeting the third countries (Kumar, 1998). India may make an effort to target the export platform investments of both types by sharpening her bundle of resource endowments and created assets in the light of determinants identified by these studies. 5. Technological Upgrading and Movement along with the Value Chain The Indian export structure has been highly dominated by simple and un-differentiated products where the main competitive advantage lies in cheap labour, low levels of skills and simple technologies compared to that of China and South East Asian countries except for recent growth of pharmaceuticals and software services (Lall, 1999). Not only these products are slow moving, the export structure is highly vulnerable to competition. Indias competitiveness has also been adversely affected by the failure to diversify the commodity composition of our exports. In fact the commodity concentration of Indias exports has increased with a 9 percent rise in the share of top six groups of exports in total and exports between 1987-1988 to 1998-99 (Kumar, 2000a). In comparison to India, Southeast and East Asian countries have rapidly diversified their export structure in favour of technologically advanced goods. For instance, share of technologically advanced goods (differentiated and science based goods) in India’s manufactured exports rose marginally to about 8 per cent by the mid-1990s over 5.6 per cent in the mid-1970s; in China, this proportion increased from 8.8 per cent to 23 per cent over the 1987-95 period, and for Malaysia from 12 per cent to 57 per cent over the 1980 to 1995 (Pigato et al. 1997). The markets for low technology undifferentiated goods are highly price competitive and margins are kept under pressure by constant competition by entry of new low wage countries.

Death And Paralysis In The Sisters

Death And Paralysis In The Sisters In order to recognize that Joyces Dubliners is a work unified by death, it is necessary for one to return to the beginning, where a meticulous reading is paramount, and start again. The opening story, The Sisters, is concerned with death and its impact upon the living individuals left in its wake. If the reader considers its function as essentially an introductory chapter, one will start to detect a palpable semblance of unity throughout Dubliners, as this story establishes the overarching theme of death and its associated motifs: paralysis, silences, and epiphanies-the latter of which are inextricably rooted in the poetics of modernity. The Sisters is a story that is concerned with youth, which represents the beginning of a progression from childhood to maturity. In this regard, the storys form parallels the narrative for the reader, as the story at its heart is concerned with the young narrators developing awareness; at the same time, the reader starts to acquire a simultaneous awa reness of the afore-mentioned themes and motifs. As we shall see, The Sisters functions as a gnomon for the entire collection of stories, as its narrator is but one of many more who are stifled and subjugated by their environment-like a patient etherized upon a table, as the ubiquitous J. Alfred Prufrock might say (Eliott 1). The Sisters ushers the readers into the world of Dubliners through the eyes of a child narrator. The narrator, along with the reader, confronts images of death in the opening paragraph through a lighted square of window-analogous to the window-panes of J. Alfred Prufrock. It is here, at the very beginning, that the narrator introduces the word paralysis, heralding a theme which reoccurs with death throughout the entirety of Dubliners. In A Beginning: Signification, Story, and Discourse in Joyces The Sisters, Staley emphasizes the beginning paragraph as an overture for the themes, conflicts, and tensions that were to be evoked again and again à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ throughout all of Dubliners (20). Furthermore, Staley affirms that the initial sentences tone of finality and certainty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ begins the circle of death for Dubliners (22). If one were to accept Staleys claim that the opening paragraph acts as an overture for the novel, it could then be argued that death and paralysis ar e not to be seen as separate entities in the context of Dubliners, but that the two are directly related, if not intertwined. Father Flynn, through his physical paralysis, comes to embody many of the characters in Dubliners, the majority of whom are paralyzed to some extent, whether it is physically, mentally, or emotionally. Later, the reader witnesses the manner in which death interrupts or arrests the living, as the narrator lays in the dark of [his] room and imagines that he sees the heavy grey face of the paralytic (Joyce 11). Already, one can intuit that the dead play a haunting role in Dubliners, as Gothic elements are common to modernist literature. This is evidenced here, as the narrator feels that he is smiling feebly like the paralytic priests cadaver (11). Indeed, at this point the living and dead start to merge as a single image, with the narrator mirroring the state of an immobile Father Flynn. In his critical essay on The Sisters, Corrington states that the boy and the old man fuse briefly through this smile, which contrasts elements of youth and death (24). The innocence of youth is tainted early in Dubliners, as death and Father Flynns deathly influence permeate The Sisters, looming behind both reader and narrator like an ominous shade. The child narrator may very well be a reflection of the reader, mirroring the thought processes that lead to a simultaneous realization of deaths paralyzing nature in the world of Dubliners. The narrators epiphany on deaths paralyzing quality is inadvertent, even ironic, as he calls attention to a sensation of freedom as if [he] had been freed from something by his death (Joyce 13). His actions in the story are contrary to this supposed sense of freedom; it becomes apparent that Father Flynns influence fills the silence that he left behind and acts as an interrupting force. Such a force bears similarities to the dead Catherines effect upon Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, where the latters life is dominated by her memory. Indeed, the narrator goes so far as to anthropomorphize paralysis as a maleficent and sinful being that fill[s] [him] with fear, yet he long[s] to be nearer to it and to look upon its deadly work (Joyce 9). The boy is both repelled and oddly compelled by the paralysis he experiences here, which exposes his inability to be truly free from Father Flynns death. Therefore, paralysis can be regarded the work of death, as both the boy and his sisters find the mselves utterly torpid in the wake of Father Flynns passing. The boys inability to find any fraction of freedom from Father Flynns death becomes more evident as his mental haunting persists. Here, the child imagines the heavy grey face of the paralytic and feels the apparition follow [him] (Joyce 11). Father Flynn is referred to synecdochically here, defined by a heavy grey pallor that suggests death incarnate, further melding themes of death and paralysis. More importantly, perhaps, the narrator has rendered Father Flynn incomplete, a gnomon by definition. Joyce employs the Euclidian definition of gnomon: a remainder after something has been removed (Joyce 9). This depiction of Father Flynn becomes significant later when one considers who is left more complete by the end of the story, and further relates to Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights, who is left incomplete by his loss of Catherine, making him a gnomon of sorts as well. Nonetheless, this point illustrates the narrators inability, or perhaps reluctance, to be freed by Father Flynns passin g. Indeed, it seems significant that he imagine[s] Father Flynns face rather than dreaming about it, which would indicate a sort of conscious rejection of letting the dead be truly dead. In Dubliners: A Students Companion to the Stories, Werner states that when contemplating the word paralysis, the boy attributes to it an active presence that he wishes to observe rather than evade, and the same can be said about the concept of death for the narrator, as both themes are interlaced throughout the story (45). The development of consciousness in regard to death and its paralyzing quality is central to The Sisters. This development points to the storys role as a beginning, as the maturation, or lack thereof, of the various narrators consciousness and perception later becomes a major issue throughout Dubliners. Epiphanies are abundant in Dubliners, as they are in Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse, T.S. Eliots The Wasteland, and other modernist literature; nonetheless, as Werner notes in Dubliners: A Students Companion to the Stories, Joyce only gradually focuses his attention on the experience of revelation (47). Furthermore, the increasing complexity of his epiphanies is basic to the mature voice capable of articulating the contingent experiences of truth as an ongoing process for character, author, narrator, and reader (55). Such a development can be seen in the various protagonists encounters with death in Dubliners. In particular, The Sisters represents a beginning for both reader and na rrator. Just as the boy is experiencing his first encounter with death, the reader is experiencing his first bitter taste of life within the world of Dubliners. As a result, there is a simultaneous introduction to life and death. The moment of realization in the penultimate paragraph displays the narrators perception of death, as he states simply that the old priest was lying still in his coffin as we had seen him, solemn and truculent in death (Joyce 18). Here, the narrator still attributes a certain sense of hostility to Father Flynn as if to further affirm the haunting qualities of his death. The detached style in which Joyce imparts this realization is important, as it indicates that the narrator is barely cognizant of anything beyond the dead body. As Beck states in Joyces Dubliners: Substance, Vision, and Art , this realization communicates no incredibly precocious philosophical breakthrough, but the verisimilitude of a dawning awareness, a gradual, hushed, yet decisive epiphany (Beck 43). More importantly, the boy does not seem conscious of his paralysis as later narrators, such as Gabriel Conroy and Duffy, are. If the opening story is essentially a framing device, one can assume that the child narrator in The Sisters exhibits the start of a vicious cycle of internalizing paralysis. Werner claims that the narrator of Araby represents the first stage in the development of a destructive solipsism portrayed in adult characters such as Duffy, but one can argue that this stage actually begins with the narrator of The Sisters (54). Furthermore, Beck notes that the narrator of the Sisters eventually realizes his identity just that much more, and with it his secret isolation (43). Indeed, the core of the story is the boys beginning to see into himself as to the life around him, specifically the impedance of death upon that life. Death is the catalyst for epiphanies in both The Sisters and A Painful Case. In the former example, death triggers an emotional paralysis in the living, while in the latter story, death causes a realization of Duffys pre-existing emotional paralysis. Here, it is important to expound upon the significance of the narrators youth in the story. As Werner notes, the stories of childhood in Dubliners picture early confrontations of young boys with their corrupt environment (41). In The Sisters, such an environment is marked by an inevitable convergence of the living and the dead wherein the latter haunts the former. The young narrator is paralyzed by the external circumstances of his life, as Werner would argue. In fact, Werner goes on to claim that such a suffocating experience encourage[s] even the more sensitive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ children to accept and internalize paralysis, which leads directly to adult counterparts who have surrendered utterly to paralysis (41, 42). James Duffy, the protagonist in A Painful Case, exemplifies the adult Dubliner who has repressed his emotional paralysis for entirely too long, measuring his life in coffee spoons in the same manner as J. Alfred Prufrock. Silence is introduced in the opening paragraph as yet another motif to be associated with death. As mentioned, the narrator of The Sisters characterizes the very presence of Father Flynns corpse with an antagonistic silence. However, one should note the relationship between Father Flynns silence and the sisters referenced in the title, as the two entities are almost at odds with one another. As the story progresses, the sisters keep attempting to break the persistent silence with their patter, but the dialogue is only ever about Father Flynn. In this manner, the dead haunt even the speech of the living. Corrington remarks that the old man has had a certain degree of ascendance over [the sisters] and even in death, he is their primary concern (22). Corringtons comments are primarily concerned with the sisters as a symbol of devoted service to the Catholic Church, the notion of Father Flynns ascendance and enduring presence speak to the haunting nature of the dead. Father Flynn is neve r more than a cadaver in The Sisters, yet his influence is undeniable. He looms over the environs silently, but to such an extent that the silence becomes a malevolent force. Rabate comments on the nature of silence in the context of Dubliners, writing that silence can finally appear as the end, the limit, the death of speech, its paralysis (33). If one works within the notion of silence as an antagonistic opposition to speech, the final moments of The Sisters can be seen as the ultimate paralysis inflicted by the dead Father Flynn. Joyce ends with Elizas speech, interrupted by ellipses before it finally trails off, imparting a paralyzing silence upon the reader. It is as if the characters, like J. Alfred Prufrock, are left wondering the same: how should I begin? Joyce extols little intimation of hope within the world of Dubliners, where the living portray an emotionally paralyzed life equivalent to that of the dead. It is only upon further examination that one can argue that Joyce actually glorifies death to some extent and indicates it as a more amenable condition. Although the eponymous sisters dialogue throughout the story is rife with clichà ©, a particular assertion is striking. Eliza declares that Father Flynn had a beautiful death, which brings to mind Joyces claim that death is the most beautiful form of life (Joyce, Dubliners 15; Joyce, James Clarence Mangan 60). She goes on to say that Father Flynn make[s] a beautiful corpse, which contrasts the paralyzed depiction of his earthly life. In fact, Father Flynn is marked by a certain incompleteness from the opening paragraph of The Sisters, when the narrator associates the priests paralysis with the word gnomon (Joyce 9). As mentioned, the narrator only represents Father Flynn symboli cally-by his face-which further suggests an incompleteness. Finally, the broken chalice symbolizes the beginning of Father Flynns broken state-his burgeoning madness. Another definition of the word gnomon is applicable to Father Flynn; as discussed in lecture, it is a shadow cast as on a sundial (66). Father Flynns influence as a deathly shade is undeniable, as he lingers throughout the story. On the other hand, his being, or lack thereof, serves to illuminate the partial, reduced lives of Joyces Dubliners, which seems to be Joyces ultimate goal here (66). The storys explicit concern with the dynamic of life and death is a deliberate one, as Joyce carefully arranged the order of stories in Dubliners (Beck 42). Indeed, the exploration of life and death is both central to modernity and the major crux upon which Dubliners is unified. Thus, Becks concern with the meaning and interpretation of the story are secondary to revealing the manner in which it functions as an overture to the novel (42). Ultimately, The Sisters establishes a pattern of the dead impacting life to the point of paralysis that is not altered until the final story. The Sisters makes it possible to explore the later stories of Dubliners in the context of themes and motifs set forth from the very beginning. Werner states that the remainder of Dubliners fulfills [the narrators] longing to be nearer to paralysis and its deadly work, which is an accurate assessment, as Joyce continues to develop this particular theme throughout the work (35). It is this inexplicable, paradoxical longing that harkens back to the poetics of modernity and notions of the sublime. The Sisters functions as an overture for Dubliners, introducing the themes and motifs that serve to unify the novel. Death and paralysis are intertwined throughout Dubliners, as they are in many other modernist works. Paralysis is present not only in The Sisters, but in A Love Song for J. Alfred Prufrock, in which the titular protagonist wonders endlessly, do I dare? The impact and implications of death can be seen as well through the influence of Father Flynn. Like Catherine of Wuthering Heights, he hovers over the lives of others like a shade, lending Gothic elements to an otherwise realistic, if stagnant depiction of Irish life. These themes provide an appropriate context-a modernist context-in which the rest of the novel can not only be enjoyed, but properly engaged.